Tuesday, November 14, 2023

Services of Operating Systems

An Operating System supplies different kinds of services to both the users and to the programs.
Operating System also provides application programs an environment to execute it freely. 
Operating System provides users the services run various programs in a convenient manner.
Services provided by Operating systems vary from operating system to another operating system. List of common services offered by an almost all operating systems:
                User Interface
                Program Execution
                File system manipulation
                Input / Output Operations
                Communication
                Resource Allocation
                Error Detection
                Accounting
                Security and protection

User Interface:
Generally Operating system comes in three forms or types. Depending on the interface their types have been further subdivided into
                Command line interface
                Batch based interface
                Graphical User Interface
The command line interface (CLI) usually deals with using text commands and a technique for entering those commands. 
The batch interface (BI): commands and directives are used to manage those commands that are entered into files and those files get executed.
The graphical user interface (GUI): which is a window system with a pointing device (like mouse or trackball) to point to the I/O, choose from menus driven interface and to make choices viewing from a number of lists and a keyboard to entry the texts.
Program Executing:
The operating system must have the ability to load a program into memory and execute that program. The program must be able to end its execution, either normally or abnormally or forcefully.
File system manipulation:
Programs need has to be read and then write them as files and directories. File handling portion of operating system also allows users to create and delete files by specific name along with extension, search for a given file and / or list file information. Some programs comprise of permissions management for allowing or denying access to files or directories based on file ownership.
Input / Output Operations:
A program which is currently executing may require I/O, which may involve file or other I/O device. For efficiency and protection, users cannot directly use the I/O devices. The OS provide a means to perform Input / Output operation with any file.
Communication:
Process needs to swap over information with other process. Processes executing on same computer system or on different computer systems can communicate using operating system support. Communication between two processes can be done using shared memory or via message passing.
Resource Allocation:
If multiple jobs running concurrently,  resources must need to be allocated to each of them. Resources can be CPU cycles, main memory storage, file storage and I/O devices. CPU scheduling routines are used here to establish how best the CPU can be used.
Error Detection:
Errors may occur within CPU, memory hardware, I/O devices and in the user program. For each type of error, the OS takes adequate action for ensuring correct and consistent computing.
Accounting:
This service of the operating system keeps track of which users are using how much and what kinds of computer resources have been used for accounting or simply to accumulate usage statistics.
Protection and Security: Protection includes in ensuring all access to system resources in a controlled manner. For making a system secure, the user needs to authenticate him or her to the system before using (usually via login ID and password).



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