Function
overloading is done at compile time.
In C++, protected members of a base class can be
accessed by members and friends of any derived classes from that base
class. Protected members that are also declared as static are accessible
to any friend or member function of a derived class. Protected members that are
not declared as static are accessible to friends and member functions in a
derived class only through a pointer to, reference to, or object of the derived
class.
Derived
classes do not inherit constructors or destructors from
their base classes. However, they do call the constructor and destructor
of base classes.
A friend function in C++ can be called as a normal function. Friend
functions are not members of a class, but they have access to the class's
private and protected members. They are declared using the keyword friend.
A nested class is a separate class that can see the private members
of the enclosing class. The derived class technically inherits a copy of
the class definition, but there's nothing special about that
relationship. A nested class is useful for encapsulation, information
hiding, and grouping related functionality together in a single class.
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